Revisión sistemática con metaanálisis. Iodo povidona / Systematic Review with Meta-Analysis. Povidone Iodine

Introducción: La descontaminación preoperatoria de la piel es parte de la práctica quirúrgica estándar. La infección del sitio quirúrgico implica un gasto adicional a los sistemas de salud y un incremento en la morbilidad y mortalidad de los pacientes sometidos a cirugía. El iodo povidona es un desinfectante muy utilizado para eliminar la carga bacteriana cutánea. Objetivo: Constatar si el iodo povidona es mejor que otros desinfectantes cutáneos en la reducción de las infecciones del sitio quirúrgico. Métodos: Se realizó una búsqueda en Google Académico, PubMed y Embase utilizando los términos Mesh; iodo povidona, infección del sitio quirúrgico, cirugía, antisépticos locales, unidos por el operador booleano AND y los filtros Adultos, desde 2015, y ensayos clínicos controlados. Se aplicó la escala de Jadad para riesgo de sesgos y el Consort 2010 y la lista de chequeo PRISMA para determinar la calidad del estudio. El riesgo relativo fue la medida de efecto para un IC95 y un error de 0,05. Se incluyeron 8 ensayos clínicos controlados, n= 4800 casos, con la distribución de eventos en los grupos experimental 140/2402 y control 141/2398, para una diferencia no significativa p=0,444. La heterogeneidad fue I2=62,57 por ciento. Conclusiones: No existieron diferencias entre el iodo povidona y el resto de los desinfectantes para disminuir el porcentaje de infecciones del sitio quirúrgico en este estudio(AU)

Introduction: Preoperative skin decontamination is part of standard surgical practice. Surgical site infection implies an additional cost to health systems and an increase in morbidity and mortality of patients undergoing surgery. Povidone iodine is a widely used disinfectant to eliminate the bacterial load on the skin. Objective: To verify if povidone iodine is better than other skin disinfectants in reducing surgical site infections. Methods: A search of articles and controlled clinical trials published since 2015 was carried out in Google Scholar, PubMed and Embase and using terms of the Mesh such as povidone iodine, surgical site infection, surgery, local antiseptics, joined by the Boolean operator AND in addition to Adult filters. The Jadad scale for risk of bias and Consort 2010 and PRISMA checklist were applied to determine the quality of the study. Relative risk was the measure of effect for CI95 and an error of 0.05. Eight controlled clinical trials were included, n= 4800 cases, with the distribution of events in the experimental groups 140/2402 and control 141/2398, for a non-significant difference p=0.444. Heterogeneity was I2=62.57 percent. Conclusions: There were no differences between povidone iodine and the rest of the disinfectants to reduce the percentage of surgical site infections in this study(AU)

Lavado con povidona yodada diluida en el reemplazo articular de cadera y rodilla para prevenir infecciones: estudio retrospectivo comparativo / Diluted povidone-iodine lavage in total hip and knee replacement: A retrospective comparative study

Introducción: Una de las medidas profilácticas para disminuir la incidencia de infecciones periprotésicas es el lavado con povidona yodada diluida, un agente con acción bactericida contra distintos microorganismos. El propósito de este estudio fue evaluar la incidencia de infecciones periprotésicas dentro de los primeros 90 días, en pacientes a quienes se les realizó un lavado con povidona yodada luego de implantar los componentes protésicos y antes del cierre de la herida. materiales y métodos: Se llevó a cabo un análisis retrospectivo comparativo de pacientes sometidos a artroplastias primarias de cadera y rodilla por artrosis y se comparó la incidencia de infecciones periprotésicas dentro de los primeros 90 días posoperatorios, entre pacientes que fueron operados antes de la introducción del lavado con povidona yodada y luego con su uso rutinario. Resultados: Se realizaron 643 (47,60%) reemplazos de rodilla y 708 (52,40%) reemplazos de cadera. Al comparar la incidencia de infecciones periprotésicas entre ambos grupos, no se observaron diferencias estadísticamente significativas (0,92% vs. 0,21%; p = 0,11). Sin embargo, se incrementó el riesgo de infección en los primeros 90 días posteriores a la cirugía (OR = 4,5; IC95% 0,56-36,19) cuando no se utilizó la solución. Conclusiones: El riesgo de desarrollar infecciones periprotésicas se incrementó 4,5 veces al realizar una artroplastia sin irrigación con povidona yodada diluida. Sin embargo, no se pudo demostrar que esto fuese estadísticamente significativo. Nivel de Evidencia: III

Introduction: One of the prophylactic techniques to reduce the incidence of periprosthetic infections is dilute povidone-iodine lavage, an agent with bactericidal action against different microorganisms. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the incidence of periprosthetic infections within the first 90 days in patients who had undergone povidone-iodine lavage after implantation of prosthetic components and before wound closure. Materials and methods: A comparative retrospective study was performed on patients who had undergone primary total hip or knee replacement due to advanced joint osteoarthritis between October 1999 and April 2020. We assessed the PJI rate between two cohorts: Group A, which consisted of patients who received povidone-iodine lavage routinely, and Group B, where this solution was not applied. Results: 643 (47.60%) knee replacements and 708 (52.40%) hip replacements were performed. When comparing the incidence of periprosthetic infections between both groups, no statistically significant differences were observed (0.92% vs. 0.21%; p = 0.11). However, the risk of infection was increased in the first 90 days after surgery (OR = 4.5; 95% CI 0.56-36.19) when the solution was not used. Conclusions: The risk of developing periprosthetic infections increased 4.5 times when performing an arthroplasty without irrigation with diluted povidone-iodine. However, this could not be shown to be statistically significant. Level of Evidence: III

Relación del uso de colutorios bucales con la disminución de la carga viral del SARS-CoV-2 en la práctica odontológica: tema de revision / Relationship of the use of mouthwashes with the decrease in the viral load of SARS-CoV-2 in dental practice: review topic

Resumen Actualmente, el odontólogo es uno de los profesionales de la salud con mayor riesgo de contagio de la COVID-19 debido a su contacto directo con la cavidad bucal. La alta exposición a los aerosoles, generados por los instrumentos rotatorios, en pacientes con la COVID-19, eleva el contacto con la carga viral del SARS-CoV-2 en los procedimientos de rutina. Se ha descrito que los colutorios bucales, previos a la atención odontológica, podrían ser soluciones efectivas para la reducción del contagio pese a su poca evidencia clínica. Los colutorios con cloruro de cetilpiridinio (CPC), peróxido de hidrógeno (H2O2), povidona yodada (PVP-I) y gluconato de clorhexidina (CHX) muestran un gran potencial para reducir la carga viral del SARS- CoV-2 en los aerosoles generados a partir de la saliva durante la consulta odontológica. Por lo expuesto, el presente artículo tuvo por objetivo hacer una revisión de la información científica actual sobre la relación del uso de los colutorios bucales con la disminución de la carga viral del SARS-CoV-2.

Abstract It is currently known that the dentist is one of the health professionals with the highest risk of contagion of COVID-19 due to its direct contact with the oral cavity. High exposure to aerosols generated by rotating instruments in COVID-19 patients increases contact with the SARS-CoV-2 viral load in routine procedures. It has been described that mouthwashes prior to dental care could be effective solutions to reduce contagion despite their little clinical evidence. Mouthwashes with cetylpyridinium chloride (CPC), hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), povidone-iodine (PVP-I) and chlorhexidine gluconate (CHX) show great potential to reduce the viralload of SARS-CoV-2 in the aerosols generated from saliva during the dental visit. Therefore, the objective of this article was to review the current scientific information on the relationship of the use of mouthwashes with the decrease in the viral load of SARS-CoV-2.

Povidone-iodine: The "new-old" ally against COVID-19 / Yodopovidona: el "nuevo-viejo" aliado contra el COVID-19

The SARS-CoV-2 pandemic has infected over 95 million people worldwide and over 2 million in Colombia. The healthcare personnel (HCP) in our country account for more than 3,800 cases and 197 deaths until January 2021 1. Being a highly contagious virus, it has changed medical practice and exposed HCP who are at risk of becoming victims with every patient they see. The primary routes of transmission of SARS-CoV-2 are through respiratory droplets and contact with infected patients or any nearby surfaces or objects which the patient has used. Airborne transmission of the virus is possible when conducting aerosol generating procedures 2. Among HCP, those who are more exposed to aerosols are more vulnerable to get the disease: anesthesiologists, emergency physicians, internists and intensivists, as well as ENT doctors, ophthalmologists, maxillofacial surgeons, head and neck surgeons, dentists, gastroenterologists, pulmonologists, respiratory therapists, scrub nurses, nursing staff, inter alia.

La pandemia por SARS-CoV-2 ha contagiado más de 95 millones de personas en el mundo y más de 2 millones en Colombia. El personal de salud (PS) en nuestro país presenta más de 34.800 casos y 197 muertes a enero de 2021 (1). Su alta contagiosidad llegó para cambiar la manera de ejercer la medicina, exponiendo con cada atención al PS a convertirse en una víctima más. La principal vía de transmisión del SARS-CoV-2 es por gotas respiratorias y por contacto con pacientes infectados o superficies cercanas u objetos que este haya utilizado. La transmisión aérea del virus es posible al efectuarse procedimientos que pueden generar aerosoles (2). Dentro del PS, aquellos que más se exponen a aerosoles son los más vulnerables a adquirir esta enfermedad: anestesiólogos, emergenciólogos, internistas e intensivistas, así como otorrinolaringólogos, oftalmólogos, cirujanos maxilofaciales, cirujanos de cabeza y cuello, odontólogos, gastroenterólogos, neumólogos, terapeutas respiratorios, instrumentadores quirúrgicos y personal de enfermería, entre otros.

Efecto epitelizante y analgésico del sevoflurano tópico en el tratamiento de las úlceras por presión grado I-III no infectadas Hospital Obrero N°1 de La Paz Bolivia / Epithelializing and analgesic effect of topical sevoflurane in the treatment by pressure of uninfected grade I-III ulcers Hospital Obrero (workers´ Hospital) N°1 of La Paz Bolivia

INTRODUCCIÓN: las úlceras por presión constituyen un importante problema de salud por su frecuencia, carácter crónico, costes económicos y una merma en la calidad de vida en pacientes internados en las unidades de cuidados especiales. MATERIAL Y MÉTODOS: el objetivo del estudio fue evaluar el efecto epitelizante y analgésico del sevoflurano aplicado tópicamente en úlceras por presión grado I-III no infectadas de pacientes internados. El tipo de estudio fue Ensayo clínico aleatorizado. Un total de 16 pacientes fueron incluidos en el estudio y fueron divididos aleatoriamente en 2 grupos: grupo A (8 pacientes), en los que se realizó la curación con sevoflurano tópico más povidona yodada y, grupo B (8 pacientes) curación solo con yodopovidona. La valoración de la evolución de la úlcera se realizó mediante la Escala PUSH, que valora superficie, cantidad de exudado y tipo de tejido del lecho. RESULTADOS: durante la realización de la curación, el dolor manifestado por los integrantes del Grupo A (1.6 ± 0.7), fue mucho menor que el observado el Grupo B (7.2 ± 1). No se encontró diferencias significativas en la superficie de la úlcera y en la cantidad de exudado; si se encontró una diferencia significativa en el tipo de tejido existente en el lecho ulceroso, en los pacientes del Grupo A se evidenció la presencia de tejido de granulación y epitelial a partir de la tercera semana de tratamiento, lo cual, en los pacientes del Grupo B, se observó a partir de la cuarta semana.

INTRODUCTION: pressure ulcers constitute an important health problem due to their frequency, chronic nature, economic costs and a reduction in the quality of life in patients hospitalized in special care units. MATERIAL AND METHODS: the aim of the study was to evaluate the epithelializing and analgesic effect of sevoflurane applied topically in uninfected grade I-III pressure ulcers of hospitalized patients. The type of study was Randomized Clinical Trial. A total of 16 patients were included in the study and were randomly divided into 2 groups: group A (8 patients), in which the cure was performed with topical sevoflurane plus povidone iodine, and group B (8 patients) only with povidone iodine. The evaluation of the evolution of the ulcer was performed using the PUSH Scale, which assesses surface area, amount of exudate and type of bed tissue. RESULTS: during the healing, the pain manifested by the members of Group A (1.6 ± 0.7), was much lower than that observed in Group B (7.2 ± 1). No significant differences were found on the surface of the ulcer and in the amount of exudate; If a significant difference was found in the type of tissue existing in the ulcer bed, in Group A patients the presence of epithelial and granulation tissue was evidenced starting the third week of treatment, which, in Group A patients B, was observed starting the fourth week.

Uso de agentes antimicrobianos como solução refrigerante no ultrassom para tratamento das doenças periodontais: uma revisão de literatura / The use of antimicrobial agents as a cooling solution in ultrasound devices for periodontal diseases treatment: a literature review

Objetivo: revisar a literatura quanto ao uso de soluções no reservatório líquido do ultrassom (US) para o tratamento das doenças periodontais, avaliando as contribuições dessa associação e as soluções mais eficazes para essa terapêutica. Métodos: foi realizada pesquisa bibliográfica nas bases de dados Public Medline (PubMed), Lilacs, Science Direct e ISI web of knowledge. As palavras-chave utilizadas foram: "periodontal disease", "ultrasonic", "cooling solution", "antimicrobial" e "irrigation". Como critérios de inclusão, foram selecionados estudos prospectivos, retrospectivos, caso controle, transversal e relatos de casos, publicados em inglês. Resultados: após pesquisa e minuciosa revisão por título e resumo de cada estudo, 15 estudos foram selecionados para avaliação dos desfechos investigados. As principais soluções associadas ao US foram povidono-iodo (PVPI), clorexidina, óleos essenciais, bicarbonato de sódio. O irrigante mais utilizado foi o PVPI, seguido por clorexidina e óleos essenciais. Os agentes podem conferir discretas melhoras no nível clínico de inserção e profundidade de sondagem, porém os resultados são controversos, já que nem todos os ensaios demonstraram efeitos positivos. Uma importante evidência observada foi em relação à redução dos níveis de microrganismos derivados do aerossol do US quando essas substâncias foram utilizadas no reservatório de água, sendo esse um aspecto positivo de seu uso como solução refrigerante ao US. Considerações finais: de modo geral, não puderam ser confirmados benefícios adicionais dos irrigantes antimicrobianos nos principais parâmetros periodontais avaliados, porém não se pode descartar o potencial uso desses agentes para a redução da dispersão de microrganismos advindos do aerossol, promovendo assim maior proteção ao paciente e ao profissional.(AU)

Objective: to review the literature regarding the use of solutions in the liquid ultrasonic (US) reservoir devices for the treatment of periodontal diseases, evaluating the benefits of this association, and the most effective solution for this therapy. Methods: bibliographic research was carried out in the Public Medline (PubMed), Lilacs, Science Direct, and ISI web of knowledge databases. The keywords used were: "periodontal disease", "ultrasonic", "cooling solution", "antimicrobial", and "irrigation". Inclusion criteria were prospective, retrospective, case-control, cross-sectional studies, and case reports published in English. Results: after a meticulous analysis of each paper by title and summary, 15 studies were selected for further investigation of clinical outcomes. The main solutions associated with US devices as coolant were PVPI, Chlorhexidine, Essential Oils and Sodium Bicarbonate. The most used coolant agent was PVPI, followed by chlorhexidine and essential oils. It has been shown that irrigating solutions can provide improvements in the clinical attachment level and probing depth, but the results are controversial since not all trials showed positive effects. Important evidence observed was the reduction of the levels of microorganisms derived from the US aerosol when these substances were used as a cooling solution. Conclusions: in general, additional benefits of coolant solutions could not be confirmed in the main periodontal parameters evaluated, however, the potential use of these agents to reduce the dispersion of microorganisms derived from the aerosol cannot be ruled out, thus promoting additional protection to the patient and professional.(AU)

Safety alert for hospital environments and health professional: chlorhexidine is ineffective for coronavirus

SUMMARY An alarming fact was revealed by recent publications concerning disinfectants: chlorhexidine digluconate is ineffective for disinfecting surfaces contaminated by the new coronavirus. This is a finding that requires immediate disclosure since this substance is widely used for the disinfection of hands and forearms of surgeons and auxiliaries and in the antisepsis of patients in minimally invasive procedures commonly performed in hospital environments. The objective of this study is to compare the different disinfectants used for disinfection on several surfaces, in a review of worldwide works. Scientific studies were researched in the BVS (Virtual Health Library), PubMed, Medline, and ANVISA (National Health Surveillance Agency) databases. The following agents were studied: alcohol 62-71%, hydrogen peroxide 0.5%, sodium hypochlorite 0.1%, benzalkonium chloride 0.05-0.2%, povidone-iodine 10%, and chlorhexidine digluconate 0.02%, on metal, aluminum, wood, paper, glass, plastic, PVC, silicone, latex (gloves), disposable gowns, ceramic, and Teflon surfaces. Studies have shown that chlorhexidine digluconate is ineffective for inactivating some coronavirus subtypes, suggesting that it is also ineffective to the new coronavirus.

RESUMO Um dado alarmante revelado por publicações a respeito dos agentes desinfetantes: o digluconato de clorexidina é ineficaz para desinfecção de superfícies contaminadas por coronavírus. Trata-se de uma constatação que reclama imediata divulgação, uma vez que essa substância é amplamente usada para degermação de mãos e antebraços dos cirurgiões e auxiliares e na antissepsia dos pacientes, em procedimentos minimamente invasivos, comumente em ambientes hospitalares. O objetivo deste trabalho foi comparar os diferentes desinfetantes usados para desinfecção em diversas superfícies em revisão de trabalhos mundiais. Foram pesquisados trabalhos científicos na BVS (Biblioteca Virtual de Saúde), PubMed, Medline e Anvisa (Agência Nacional de Vigilância Sanitária). Foram estudados os seguintes agentes: álcool 62-71%, peróxido de hidrogênio 0,5%, hipoclorito de sódio 0,1%, cloreto de benzancônio 0,05-0,2%, iodo povidina 10% e digluconato de clorexidina 0,02%, em superfícies de metal, alumínio, madeira, papel, vidro, plástico, PVC, silicone, látex (luvas), avental descartável, cerâmica e teflon. Os estudos demonstraram que o digluconato de clorexidina é ineficaz para a inativação de alguns subtipos de coronavírus, sugerindo que também seja ineficaz contra o novo coronavírus.

Effects of topical azithromycin, moxifloxacin, and povidone iodine on conjunctival bacterial flora in patients undergoing intravitreal injection / Os efeitos da azitromicina tópica, moxifloxacina e iodopovidona na flora bacteriana conjuntival em injeções intravítreas

ABSTRACT Purpose: To compare effects of 5% topical povidone iodine with prophylactic topical azithromycin and moxifloxacin on bacterial flora in patients undergoing intravitreal injection. Methods: A total of 132 patients were randomly assigned to receive treatment with azithromycin or moxifloxacin, or no treatment (control group). In total, 528 specimens were obtained at the time of admission, 4 days before intravitreal injection, 4 days after intravitreal injection, and 8 days after intravitreal injection. Samples were immediately sent to the microbiology laboratory for incubation. Results: The microorganism observed most frequently was coagulasenegative Staphylococcus (23.8%). When the results of samples obtained on Day 4 before injection were assessed, growth of coagulase-negative Staphylococcus was significantly lower in the moxifloxacin group, compared with controls (p=0.049). Acinetobacter baumannii continued to grow after administration of azithromycin (p=0.033). When the results of four days after intravitreal injection were evaluated, growth of coagulase-ne gative Staphylococcus was higher in controls, compared with patients who received azithromycin or moxifloxacin (p=0.004). Eradication rate was significantly higher in the moxifloxacin group than in the control group (p=0.001). Samples obtained on Day 8 after intravitreal injection showed similar levels of bacterial growth in all groups (p=0.217). Conclusion: Moxifloxacin was more effective than 5% povidone iodine in controlling the growth of conjunctival bacterial flora. Use of moxifloxacin in combination with 5% povidone iodine resulted in a synergistic effect.

RESUMO Objetivo: Comparar os efeitos de iodopovidona tópico a 5% com azitromicina e moxifloxacina profiláticas sobre a flora bacteriana em pacientes submetidos à injeção intravítrea. Métodos: Um total de 132 pacientes foram aleatoriamente designados para receber tratamento com azitromicina ou moxifloxacina ou nenhum tratamento (grupo controle). No total, 528 amostras foram obtidas no momento na admissão, 4 dias antes da injeção intravítrea, 4 dias após a injeção intravítrea e 8 dias após a injeção intravítrea. As amostras foram imediatamente enviadas para o laboratório de microbiologia para incubação. Resultados: O microorganismo mais frequentemente observado foi o Staphylococcus coagulase-negativo (23,8%). Quando os resultados das amostras obtidas no dia 4 antes da injeção foram avaliados, o crescimento do Staphylococcus coagulase-negativo foi significativamente menor no grupo mo xifloxacina, em comparação com os controles (p=0,049). Acinetobacter baumannii continuou a crescer após a administração de azitromicina (p=0,033). Quando os resultados de 4 dias após a injeção intravítrea foram avaliados, o crescimento do Staphylococcus coagulase-negativo foi maior no controle, em comparação com pacientes que receberam azitromicina ou moxifloxacina (p=0,004). A taxa de erradicação também foi significativamente maior no grupo moxifloxacina do que no grupo controle (p=0,001). As amostras obtidas no dia 8 após injeção intravítrea mostraram níveis semelhantes de crescimento bacteriano em todos os grupos (p=0,217). Conclusão: A moxifloxacina foi mais eficaz do que 5% de iodopovidona no controle do crescimento da flora bacteriana conjuntival. O uso de moxifloxacina em combinação com 5% de iodopovidona resultou em um efeito sinérgico.

Eficácia da água versus antisséptico para limpeza periuretral na realização do cateterismo urinário de demora: revisão sistemática / Water effect versus antiseptic for periurethral cleaning in the performance of indwelling urinary catheterization: a systematic review / Eficacia del agua vs. el antisptico para la limpieza periuretral en el cateterismo urinario: revisión sistemática

As infecções do trato urinário relacionadas ao cateterismo urinário de demora estão entre as mais frequentes em hospitais. Existem várias recomendações para a prevenção de infecções, porém ainda se questiona a necessidade de utilizar antissépticos para a limpeza periuretral. Objetivo: este estudo objetivou analisar as evidências, na literatura, acerca do tema. Método: foi realizada revisão sistemática utilizando-se as bases de dados Biblioteca Virtual em Saúde, Medline, Embase, Web of Science e Cumulative Index to Nursing & Allied Health Literature. Foram incluídos ensaios clínicos que avaliaram as taxas de infecção do trato urinário/bacteriúria e que utilizaram soluções antissépticas e água na limpeza periuretral. Resultados: de 211 estudos, três foram considerados metodologicamente adequados de acordo com a Escala de Jadad. Todos os estudos mostraram que não há diferenças significativas nas taxas de ITU/ bacteriúria quando comparado o uso de água com antisséptico (clorexidina ou povidona-iodo). Conclusão: concluiu-se que o uso de água na limpeza periuretral parece não aumentar o risco de adquirir infecção/bacteriúria.(AU)

Urinary tract infections related to indwelling urinary catheterization are among the most frequent in hospitals. There are many recommendations for the prevention of infections, but the need to use antiseptics for periurethral cleaning is still questioned. Objective: This study aimed to analyze the evidence on the theme in the literature. Method: A systematic review was performed using the following databases: Biblioteca Virtual em Saúde, Medline, Embase, Web of Science and Cumulative Index to Nursing & Allied Health Literature. Clinical trials were included which assessed the infection rates of the urinary tract/bacteriuria and which used antiseptic solutions and water in the periurethral cleaning. Results: Of 211 studies, three were considered as methodologically adequate according to the Jadad Scale. All of the studies showed that there is no significant difference in the rates of UTI/bacteriuria when compared to the use of water with antiseptic (chlorhexidine or povidone-iodine). Conclusion: It was concluded that the use of water in the periurethral cleaning seems not to augment the risk of acquiring infections/bacteriuria.(AU)

Las infecciones del tracto urinario relacionadas con el cateterismo urinario permanente se encuentran entre las infecciones hospitalarias más comunes. Existen recomendaciones para la prevención de infecciones, pero aún se cuestiona la necesidad de usar antisépticos para la limpieza periuretral. Objetivo: analizar la evidencia en la literatura sobre el tema. Método: se realizó una revisión sistemática utilizando las bases de datos de la Biblioteca Virtual de Salud, Medline, Embase, Web of Science y Cumulative Index to Nursing & Allied Health Literature. Se incluyeron ensayos clínicos que evaluaron las tasas de infección urinaria / bacteriuria y el uso de soluciones antisépticas y agua para la limpieza periuretral. Resultados: de 211 estudios, tres se consideraron metodológicamente adecuados según la escala de Jadad. Todos los estudios mostraron que no hay diferencias significativas en las tasas de infección urinaria / bacteriuria en comparación con el uso de agua antiséptica (clorhexidina o povidona yodada). Conclusión: el uso de agua para la limpieza periuretral no parece aumentar el riesgo de contraer infección / bacteriuria.(AU)

Limpeza periuretral na realização do cateterismo urinário de demora: ensaio clínico randomizado / Periurethral cleansing in indwelling urinary catheterization: randomized controlled trial

O cateterismo urinário de demora é um procedimento amplamente utilizado em pacientes internados e está relacionado com altas taxas de bacteriúria assintomática e infecção do trato urinário. Para evitar essas doenças, a limpeza da região periuretral antes da inserção do cateter é uma importante conduta, com fins de reduzir a entrada de microrganismos dessa região através da uretra. Guias de prática clínica recomendam que o cateterismo urinário de demora deva ser realizado com técnica asséptica, porém não há consenso sobre qual solução é mais eficaz para sua realização, com vistas à redução das infecções do trato urinário e da bacteriúria assintomática. O objetivo é de avaliar o efeito da limpeza periuretral nas incidências de bacteriúria assintomática e de infecção do trato urinário com o uso de três soluções (água, sabão e gluconato de clorexidina aquosa 2%; gluconato de clorexidina degermante 2%, água bi-destilada e gluconato de clorexidina aquosa 2%; e povidona-iodo 10% degermante, água bi-destilda e povidona-iodo aquoso 1%) em pacientes adultos internados em hospital terciário submetidos ao cateterismo urinário de demora. Trata-se de uma pesquisa realizada em duas etapas: revisão sistemática da literatura e ensaio clínico randomizado sem mascaramento do pesquisador. Foi realizado em um hospital de grande porte de Belo Horizonte ­ Minas Gerais. A população foi constituída por pacientes internados e que foram elegíveis para serem submetidos ao cateterismo urinário de demora. A amostra foi de 28 pacientes, sendo alocados aleatoriamente nos grupos: sabão (n=11) e grupo antisséptico (n=17). Uroculturas foram coletadas no momento da inserção e 24h após. A incidência global de bacteriúria assintomática foi de 7,14%, no grupo sabão foi de 9,1% e no grupo antissépticos foi de 5,9%. Não houve nenhum caso de infecção do trato urinário. A regressão logística mostrou que não há diferenças estatisticamente significativas nas incidências de bacteriúria assintomática quando realizada a limpeza com sabão ou antisséptico (clorexidina ou povidona-iodo). A redução do risco relativo mostrou uma redução de 36% de adquirir bacteriúria assintomática.(AU)

Indwelling urinary catheterization is a procedure that is used in inpatients and is related to high rates of asymptomatic bacteriuria and urinary tract infection. To prevent these diseases, cleaning the periurethral region prior to catheter insertion is an important approach, reducing the entry of microorganisms from this region through the urethra. Clinical practice guidelines recommend that indwelling urinary catheterization should be performed with aseptic technique, but there is no consensus on which solution is most effective for reducing urinary tract infections. The objective is to evaluate the effect of periurethral cleansing on the incidence of asymptomatic bacteria and urinary tract infections with the use of three solutions (water, soap and 2% aqueous chlorhexidine gluconate; chlorhexidine gluconate 2%, distilled water and 2% aqueous chlorhexidine; and 10% povidone-iodine, distilled water and 1% aqueous povidone-iodine) in adult patients admitted to a tertiary hospital submitted to the indwelling urinary catheterization. This is a two-step research: systematic literature review and randomized clinical trial without researcher's masking. It was performed in a large hospital in Belo Horizonte - MG. The population was composed by inpatients who were eligible to undergo indwelling urinary catheterization. A sample of 28 patients was randomly allocated into groups: soap (n = 11) and antiseptic group (n = 17). Urine cultures were collected at insertion and 24h after. The overall incidence of asymptomatic bacteriuria was 7.14%, on soap group was 9.1% and on antiseptic group was 5.9%. There were no cases of urinary tract infection. Logistic regression showed no statistically significantly differences in the incidence of asymptomatic bacteriuria when cleaned with soap or antiseptic (chlorhexidine or povidone-iodine). A relative risk reduction showed a 36% reduction from acquiring asymptomatic bacteriuria.(AU)

Talco estéril versus yodopovidona en pleurodesis como tratamiento del derrame pleural maligno. Estudio prospectivo no aleatorizado / Sterile talc versus povidone-iodine in pleurodesis as a treatment for malignant pleural effusion. Non-randomized prospective study

Comparar el uso del talco estéril versus yodopovidona como agentes químicos en pleurodesis para el tratamiento del derrame pleural maligno.Materiales y Métodos: Estudio clínico, analítico, observacional, prospectivo, el cual incluyó 12 pacientes con diagnóstico clínico e histopatológico de derrame pleural maligno, a quienes se les practicó pleurodesis empleando talco estéril y yodopovidona.Resultados : Edad promedio fue de 46,25 ± 17,3 y la neoplasia primaria más común fue el cáncer de mama, representando el 50% de los casos estudiados. El grupo de pacientes tratados con yodopovidona tuvo 100% de efectividad en la fusión pleural posterior a la pleurodesis, y presentaron menos complicaciones durante el procedimiento y 24 horas posteriores al mismo con respecto al grupo tratado con talco estéril, el cual tuvo un 71,4% de efectividad y un 28,6% de falla al procedimiento; asimismo, estos últimos presentaron mayor porcentaje de complicaciones. Por otra parte, no se evidenció recidiva del derrame pleural en los 30 días de valoración posteriores al procedimiento. Estas diferencias no fueron estadísticamente significativas.Conclusiones : Ambos agentes esclerosantes fueron eficaces para lograr la fusión de las pleuras en pacientes con derrame pleural maligno, siendo el talco estéril el agente con mayor tendencia a producir complicaciones y fallo del procedimiento, en comparación a la yodopovidona(AU)

To compare the use of sterile talc versus povidone-iodine as chemical agents on pleurodesis for the treatment of malignant pleural effusion.Materials and Methods : A total of 12 patients with clinical and histopathologic diagnose of malignant pleural effusion were enrolled in a clinical, analytic, observational and prospective trial, to whom sterile talc and povidone-iodine pleurodesis was applied.Results : The mean age was 46,25 ± 17,3 and the most common primary neoplasm was breast cancer, which was present in 50% of the surveyed cases. The group of patients who received povidone-iodine had 100% of effectiveness on post-pleurodesis pleural fusion, and had fewer complications during the procedure and 24 hours afterwards vis-à-vis the group who received sterile talc powder, which had 74.4% of effectiveness and 28.6% of procedure failure; furthermore, the last mentioned had higher percentage of complications. Moreover, there was no evidence of recurrence of pleural effusion in the 30 days post-procedure assessment.Conclusions : Both sclerosant agents were efficient to accomplish pleural fusion in patients with malignant pleural effusion, with sterile talc being the agent with higher tendency to generate more complications and procedure failure compared to povidone-iodine(AU)

Superficial and Deep Skin Preparation with Povidone-Iodine for Ventriculoperitoneal Shunt Surgery : A Technical Note

OBJECTIVE: Ventriculoperitoneal (VP) shunt surgery is a common and effective treatment for hydrocephalus and cerebrospinal fluid disorders. Infection remains a major cause of morbidity and mortality after a VP shunt. There is evidence that a deep skin flora microbiome may have a role to play in post-operative infections. In this technical note, we present a skin preparation technique that addresses the issue of the skin flora beyond the initial incision.METHODS: The patient is initially prepped, as standard, with. a single layer of 2% CHG+70% isopropyl alcohol. The novel stage is the ‘double incision’ whereby an initial superficial incision receives a further application of povidone-iodine prior to completing the full depth incision.RESULTS: Of the 84 shunts inserted using the double-incision method (September 2015 to September 2016), only one developed a shunt infection.CONCLUSION: The double incision approach to skin preparation is a unique operative stage in VP shunt surgery that may have a role to play in reducing acute shunt infection.

Superficial and Deep Skin Preparation with Povidone-Iodine for Ventriculoperitoneal Shunt Surgery : A Technical Note

OBJECTIVE: Ventriculoperitoneal (VP) shunt surgery is a common and effective treatment for hydrocephalus and cerebrospinal fluid disorders. Infection remains a major cause of morbidity and mortality after a VP shunt. There is evidence that a deep skin flora microbiome may have a role to play in post-operative infections. In this technical note, we present a skin preparation technique that addresses the issue of the skin flora beyond the initial incision. METHODS: The patient is initially prepped, as standard, with. a single layer of 2% CHG+70% isopropyl alcohol. The novel stage is the ‘double incision’ whereby an initial superficial incision receives a further application of povidone-iodine prior to completing the full depth incision. RESULTS: Of the 84 shunts inserted using the double-incision method (September 2015 to September 2016), only one developed a shunt infection. CONCLUSION: The double incision approach to skin preparation is a unique operative stage in VP shunt surgery that may have a role to play in reducing acute shunt infection.

Povidone-Iodine Pleurodesis for Chylothorax in an Extremely Low Birth Weight Infant

Chylothorax, the accumulation of chyle in the pleural space, is a rare condition, but can lead to serious complications in neonates. Conservative therapy for chylothorax includes enteral feeding with medium-chain triglyceride-enriched diet or parenteral nutrition and administration of octreotide. Surgical management is considered in cases where there is no response to conservative therapy; however, the standardized approach to refractory neonatal chylothorax is still controversial. Chemical pleurodesis can be used when medical therapies for chylothorax fail, to avoid more invasive surgical procedures. We report an extremely preterm infant born at 26 weeks of gestation with refractory chylothorax after patent ductus arteriosus ligation. The infant was successfully treated with pleurodesis using 4% povidone-iodine, without long-term side effects.

O que usar no preparo cirúrgico da pele: povidona-iodo ou clorexidina? / What to use in preoperative skin preparation: povidone-iodine or chlorhexidine? / ¿Qué usar en la preparación quirúrgica de la piel: povidona-iodo o clorhexidina?

Objetivo: Discorrer sobre a eficácia do gluconato de clorexidina e do povidona-iodo em soluções aquosas ou alcoólicas na redução de infecções do sítio cirúrgico e na contagem bacteriana da pele, no preparo pré-operatório do paciente. Método: Estudo de reflexão acerca do melhor antisséptico a ser usado no preparo cirúrgico da pele. Resultados: Verificou-se que tanto a clorexidina quanto o povidona-iodo são igualmente seguros e efetivos e que os manuais de boas práticas internacionais têm recomendado a sua utilização em soluções alcoólicas. Observou-se uma tendência na indicação da clorexidina alcoólica e a emergência de estudos que têm avaliado o uso sequencial ou concomitante da clorexidina e do povidona-iodo com resultados favoráveis a essa prática. Conclusão: Há uma tendência mundial mais favorável ao uso da clorexidina alcoólica em detrimento ao povidona-iodo. Contudo, a decisão pelo melhor agente antisséptico deve considerar cada caso clínico, (contra) indicações e situação

Objective: To discuss the efficacy of chlorhexidine gluconate and povidone-iodine in aqueous or alcoholic solutions in reducing surgical site infections and skin bacterial counts in the preoperative preparation of the patient. Method: Reflective study about the best antiseptic to use in preoperative skin preparation. Results: We found that chlorhexidine and povidone-iodine are equally safe and effective and that international guidelines for good practices have recommended their use in alcoholic solutions. We observed a trend in recommending alcoholic chlorhexidine and an emergence of studies that have evaluated the sequential or concurrent use of chlorhexidine and povidone-iodine with favorable results for this practice. Conclusion: There is a global trend that favors the use of alcoholic chlorhexidine over povidone-iodine. However, the decision about the best antiseptic agent to useshould be based on each clinical case, (contra)indications, and situation

Objetivo: Discutir sobre la eficacia del gluconato de clorhexidina y del povidona-yodo en soluciones acuosas o alcohólicas en la reducción de infecciones del sitio quirúrgico y en el recuento bacteriano de la piel en la preparación preoperatoria del paciente. Método: Estudio de reflexión acerca del mejor antiséptico a utilizarse en la preparación quirúrgica de la piel. Resultados: Se ha comprobado que tanto la clorhexidina como el povidona yodo son igualmente seguros y efectivos y que los manuales de buenas prácticas internacionales han recomendado su utilización en soluciones alcohólicas. Se observó una tendencia en la indicación de la clorhexidina alcohólica y la emergencia de estudios que han evaluado el uso secuencial o concomitante de la clorhexidina y del povidona-yodo con resultados favorables a esa práctica. Conclusión: Hay una tendencia mundial más favorable al uso de la clorhexidina alcohólica en detrimento del povidona-yodo. Sin embargo, la decisión por el mejor agente antiséptico debe considerar cada caso clínico, (contra) indicaciones y situación.

Comparison of the recovery rate of otomycosis using betadine and clotrimazole topical treatment / Comparação da taxa de recuperação de otomicose com o uso de tratamento tópico com betadina e clotrimazol

Abstract Introduction Otomycosis is a common diseases that can be associated with many complications including involvement of the inner ear and mortality in rare cases. Management of otomycosis can be challenging, and requires a close follow-up. Treatment options for otomycosis include local debridement, local and systemic antifungal agents and utilization of topical antiseptics. Objective This study was designed to compare the recovery rate of otomycosis using two therapeutic methods; topical betadine (Povidone-iodine) and clotrimazole. Methods In this single-blind clinical trial, 204 patients with otomycosis were selected using a non-probability convenient sampling method and were randomly assigned to two treatment groups of topical betadine and clotrimazole (102 patients in each group). Response to treatment was assessed at 4, 10 and 20 days after treatment. Data were analyzed using the independent t-test, Chi-Square and Fisher exact test in SPSS v.18 software, at a significance level of p < 0.05. Results The results showed that out of 204 patients with otomycosis, fungi type isolated included Aspergillus in 151 cases (74%), and Candida albicans in 53 patients (26%). On the fourth day after treatment, 13 patients (13.1%) in the group treated with betadine and 10 patients (9.8%) in the group treated with clotrimazole showed a good clinical response to treatment (p = 0.75). A good response to treatment was reported for 44 (43.1%) and 47 patients (46.1%) on the tenth day after the treatment (p = 0.85); and 70 (68.6%) and 68 patients (67.6%) on the twentieth day after treatment (p = 0.46) in the groups treated with betadine and clotrimazole, respectively. The response to treatment was thus not significantly different in the two groups. Conclusion In the present study the efficacy of betadine and clotrimazole was the same for the treatment of otomycosis. The result of this study supports the use of betadine as an effective antifungal in otomycosis treatment, helping to avoid the emergence of resistant organisms.

Resumo Introdução A otomicose é uma das doenças comuns associadas a muitas complicações, como envolvimento da orelha interna e mortalidade em casos raros. O tratamento da otomicose pode ser realmente desafiador e requer um acompanhamento rigoroso. As opções de tratamento para otomicose podem incluir desbridamento local, agentes antifúngicos locais e sistêmicos e uso de antissépticos tópicos, os medicamentos tópicos recomendados para o tratamento da otomicose. Objetivo Comparar a taxa de recuperação de otomicose utilizando dois métodos terapêuticos de betadina tópica (povidona-iodo) e clotrimazol. Método Neste ensaio clínico simples cego, 204 pacientes com otomicose foram selecionados utilizando-se método de amostragem de não probabilidade conveniente e randomizados para dois grupos de tratamento, com betadina tópica e com clotrimazol (102 pacientes em cada grupo). A resposta ao tratamento foi avaliada aos 4, 10 e 20 dias após o tratamento. Os dados foram analisados utilizando o teste t independente, qui-quadrado e teste de Fisher no software SPSS v.18, com nível de significância de p < 0,05. Resultados Os resultados mostraram que dos 204 pacientes com otomicose, os tipos de fungos isolados incluíram Aspergillus em 151 casos (74%) e Candida albicans em 53 pacientes (26%). No quarto dia após o tratamento, 13 pacientes (13,1%) no grupo tratado com betadina e 10 pacientes (9,8%) no grupo tratado com clotrimazol apresentaram boa resposta ao tratamento (p = 0,75). Uma boa resposta ao tratamento foi relatada para 44 (43,1%) e 47 pacientes (46,1%) no décimo dia após o tratamento (p = 0,85); e 70 (68,6%) e 68 pacientes (67,6%) no vigésimo dia após o tratamento (p = 0,46) no grupo tratado com betadina e clotrimazol, respectivamente. Assim, a resposta ao tratamento não foi significativamente diferente nos dois grupos. Conclusão No presente estudo, a eficácia da betadina e do clotrimazol foi a mesma no tratamento da otomicose. O resultado deste estudo apoia o uso de betadina como um antifúngico eficaz no tratamento da otomicose que pode ajudar a evitar o surgimento de organismos resistentes.

Practical Recommendations for Preoperative Skin Antisepsis / Recomendaciones prácticas para la antisepsia preoperatoria de la piel

Abstract The search for strategies for the reduction of Surgical Site infection (SSI) is a priority, given the impact those infections have on the outcome of the patients. The preope rative patient skin antisepsis, has recently gained greater significance in the prevention of SSI, as one of the critical factors, which can be intervened and can reduce the risk of infection. In recent years, comprehensive investigations have been published, not only dedicated to the comparison of antiseptic solutions, application techniques, but also about the importance of preoperative washing, use of surgical tapes and dressings impregnated with antiseptics, and preoperative shaving. This review outlines the key findings related to the preoperative patient's skin antisepsis and offers a protocol with practical recommendations to be implemented in the institutions of our country. It provides evidence based recommendations about the use of antiseptic solutions (povidone iodine, chlorhexidine, chlorhexidine plus alcohol, etc.) with emphasis on the advantages and disadvantages of each one.

Antioxidants in the control of microorganism contamination and phenol oxidation in Eugenia pyriformis / Antioxidantes no controle da contaminação microbiana e da oxidação fenólica em Eugenia pyriformis

Uvaia (Eugenia pyriformis) is a fruit tree of the Myrtaceae family. It has recalcitrant seeds of limited longevity, making seed propagation difficult. Micropropagation is an alternative method to obtain a large quantity of progeny plants in a short period of time, by using any part of the plant as explant. The high concentration of phenols associated with the chemical composition of the Myrtaceae, and the presence of microorganisms in the plant material or culture media, can make in vitro propagation difficult and/or impossible. The objective was to evaluate various concentrations of antioxidants affecting the control of microbial contamination and phenol oxidation in vitro in uvaia. A completely randomized design was used, with a 3 (antioxidants PVP, L-cysteine, and ascorbic acid) × 3 (antioxidant concentrations 100, 200, and 300 mg L-1) × 2 (activated charcoal at 0 and 2 g L-1) factorial arrangement + 2 additional variables (absence of antioxidants and activated charcoal; absence of antioxidants with 2 g L-1 activated charcoal), with three repetitions comprising four plants each. The percentage of bacterial and fungal contaminations, along with the number of oxidized explants, was evaluated after 7, 14 and 21 days of in vitro cultivation. It was concluded that, where bacterial and fungal contaminations were concerned, in vitro cultivation of uvaia can be performed without the use of antioxidants. PVP or ascorbic acid must, however be used in the process, at a concentration of 300 mg L-1, along with 2 g L-1 of activated charcoal. This helps to minimize phenol oxidation.

A uvaia Eugenia pyriformis é uma frutífera da família das mirtáceas cujas sementes apresentam longevidade curta e aspecto recalcitrante, fato que dificulta a propagação seminífera. A micropropagação surge como alternativa para obtenção de grande quantidade de mudas em curto período de tempo, por meio da utilização de qualquer parte da planta como explante. A elevada concentração de fenóis associados à composição química das mirtáceas e a presença de microrganismos no material vegetal ou no meio de cultura podem dificultar e/ou impossibilitar a propagação in vitro. Objetivou-se avaliar tipos e concentrações de antioxidantes no controle da contaminação microbiana e da oxidação fenólica in vitro de E. pyriformis. Utilizou-se o delineamento inteiramente casualizado em esquema fatorial 3 (antioxidantes ­ PVP, L-cisteína e ácido ascórbico) x 3 (concentrações - 100, 200 e 300 mg L-1) x 2 (carvão ativado ­ 0 e 2 g L-1) + 2 adicionais (ausência de antioxidantes e de carvão ativado; ausência de antioxidantes com 2 g L-1 de carvão ativado), com três repetições constituídas por quatro plantas. Após sete, 14 e 21 dias do cultivo in vitro foram avaliadas a porcentagem de contaminação bacteriana, fúngica e de explantes oxidados. Conclui-se que o cultivo in vitro de E. pyriformis, em relação as contaminações bacterianas e fúngicas, pode ser efetuado sem a utilização de agentes antioxidantes. Entretanto, para reduzir a oxidação fenólica deve ser utilizado o PVP ou ácido ascórbico, ambos na concentração de 300 mg L-1, associados a 2 g L-1 de carvão ativado.